Answer:
Which conditions in northern Europe encourage emigration between 1845 and 1860?
Famine and warfare
John Smith is mostly associated with being the first colonial leader to settle the first permanent English settlement in America. He helped set up the colony of Jamestown in present day Virginia.
D. Castiglione
Cesare Borgia was the Son of the Pope and Cosimo de Medici's family ruled Florence, so neither have anything to do with the royal family of Mantua. Machiavelli wrote the Prince, so that is not the correct answer either. Castiglione was part of the Royal family of Mantua and did write the Book of the Courtier. So D is the correct answer.
A scribe is a person who could read and in order to become a doctor in ancient times you must first become a scribe.