Since, the options are not given the question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ______, while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ______.
a. negative punishment; positive punishment
b. reinforcement; punishment
c. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
e. positive punishment; negative punishment
Answer: c. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
Explanation:
Both positive and negative reinforcement are the parts of conditioning. In positive reinforcement the subject is awarded for the particular sets of desired behavior but it is opposite for the negative reinforcement the subject is punished for undesired behavior.
In positive reinforcement favorable stimulus is chosen by the subject which made the subject to avail the reward whereas in the negative reinforcement , the aversive stimulus is intended to reduce the undesired behavior by punishment.
Answer:
recessive
Explanation:
A lethal allele is a gene variant associated with a mutation in an essential gene, which has the potential to cause the death of an individual. In general, lethal genes are recessive because these alleles do not cause death in heterozygous individuals, which have one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the allele for the lethal disease/disorder. In recessive lethal diseases, heterozygous individuals are carriers of the recessive lethal allele and can eventually pass the 'defective' allele on to offspring even though they are unaffected; whereas dominant lethal diseases are caused by dominant lethal alleles, which only need to be present in one copy to be fatal. In consequence, the frequency of recessive lethal alleles is generally higher than dominant lethal alleles because they can be masked in carrier individuals. Some examples of human diseases caused by recessive lethal alleles include, among others, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis.
Typically higher than a clear night
Nuclear weapons-15 million K
