Numerous antiepileptic medications, such phenytoin, have been designed to block voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) in neuronal membrane. In addition, multiple toxins and pharmacological modulators work by attaching to various biophysical states of the VGSC to cause their effects. Depending on how modulatory agents act, some VGSC states are stabilized or destabilized, altering the channel's biophysical properties. The first anticonvulsant to successfully treat epileptic disorders without causing undesirable side effects such as brain drowsiness was phenytoin.
Phenytoin has been indicated to block high-frequency neuronal activity potentials from the inner vestibule of the pore, as demonstrated by electrophysiological research and site-directed mutation.
Frequency and voltage both affect phenytoin binding.
There are theories that phenytoin interferes with the late sodium current that sustains depolarizations in epilepsy by blocking non-inactivated channels.
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Answer:
There are three primary areas of the brain that control your sense of smell: The orbitofrontal cortex, located above and behind the eyes. The insula, which lies beneath the ears. The piriform cortex, located between the other two. Besides these three areas, there are smaller brain regions that also play a part in smell.
Answer:
a. All of these
Explanation:
All of these options are correct
<h2><u>
Full Question:</u></h2>
In the family tree below, people with the recessive trait of attached earlobes are shaded gray.
What must be true about the person labeled "A"?
A. It is a male with at least one dominant allele.
B. It is a male with two dominant alleles.
C. It is a female with at least one dominant allele.
D. It is a female with two dominant alleles.
<h2><u>Answer:</u></h2>
Its a male with atleast one dominant allele.
Option A.
<h3><u>Explanation:</u></h3>
The gene for the attached earlobe is recessive while the gene for the free earlobes is dominant. In the phylogenetic tree, we can see that both the father and mother aren't having attached earlobes. So both of them are having atleast one dominant allele which makes them have free earlobe.
In the F1 offsprings, one of the female and a male is having free earlobes. So both of them have atleast one dominant allele. The 2nd female is having an attached earlobe. So both the recessive allele have come form one parent each. So both of them are heterozygous.
Thus, the male marked as A atleast have one dominant allele. He can be a homozygous dominant, but the probability is 25%.