Answer:
Bright light
Explanation:
This is why when you stay long in a dark room, then move suddenly into light, your instinctive response is to squint. This automatic response is for the eye to reduce the amount of light entering the eye, to avoid eye damage. This gives time for the iris to respond and reduces the size of the pupil. When the iris relaxes and reduces the size of the pupil, then your eye acclimatizes to the bright light and the squinting stops.
Answer:
The hardy lichens are useful bioindicators for air pollution, espeially sulfur dioxide pollution, since they derive their water and essential nutrients mainly from the atmosphere rather than from the soil.
Explanation:
It also helps that they are able to react to air pollutants all year round.
Hope I helped!
Brainliest?
Answer:
Cellular specialisation is the process by which an initial undifferentiated cell, gets specialized (attains a structure and function characteristic of a given cell type). In this case, the embryonic stem cells, undergo specialisation to give the many different cells and tissues of the body. Without cellular specialisation during embryo development, we wouldnt have all these varying tissue types fine-tuned to their functions.
1.1
Meiosis I
The first meiotic division: diploid → haploid
Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes join and occurs crossing over.
Metaphase-I: the homologous chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from the centrosomes connect to the chromosomes.
Anaphase -I: Spindle fibers contract and split the homologous chromosomes, moving them to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase -I: Chromosomes decondense; cell divides to form two haploid cells.
1.2 Meiosis II
The second division: separates sister chromatids (these chromatids may not be identical due to crossing over in prophase I)
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles (perpendicular to before)
Metaphase-II: the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from the centrosomes connect to the chromosomes (at the centromere)
Anaphase-II: Spindle fibers contract and split the sister chromatids, and moves them to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase-II: Chromosomes decondense,cells divides again to form another 2 haploid daughter cells. Final: 4 new cells.
2. The differences:
Mitosis:
- has 1 division per cycle
- one cell produces 2 new cells
- the genetic information in the mother-cell and the daughter-cells are the same. ( the number of chromosomes is also the same)
- it occurs in somatic cells
Meiosis:
- two divisions per cycle
- one cell when divides produces 4 new cells
- the new cells have different genetic information. mixes the genetic material from the parent cells
- the number of chromosomes of the daughter cells is half of the mother's.
3. Prokaryotic organisms don't divide through mitosis, they use a different process called binary fission. Only eukaryotic organisms, or those whose cells have a defined nuclei, undergo mitosis. Bacteria, for example, are prokaryotic organisms that use binary fission.
4.
It can't occur. Cross over is the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes. That will result in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It can't occur on different chromosomes because they don't code for the same genes.
5. There are a lot of different theories about that, but it's mostly believed that meiosis must evolve before sexual reproduction. That's because The cell replicates their information first and then divides. Plus the cell does that even though it didn't recombine DNA with another organism (sexual reproduction).