Answer:
An optional Call
Explanation:
Callable Bond
Callable bond represents an instrument of debt where the issuer issues the instrument reserving the right to make a return of the principal of investors including the stoppage of interest payments before the date of maturity of the bond. 
Organisations would usually issue bonds as callable when either to meet unexpected obligations like pay off other debts, fund expansions or when they sense that opportunities may arise in the future for them to get other forms of financing at lower interest rates. 
For bonds to be callable the terms must be clearly stated in the bond's offering. 
Optional Call
In optional call, the issuer reserves the right to call the bonds to take advantage of present circumstances such as significant drop in interest rates (as stated in the question). However, the terms detailed in the bond resolution will allow the bondholders to receive a premium to par as compensation for their loss of interest payments on the called bond. 
Furthermore, a period of time must usually pass before the issuer can use the optional call. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
A(n) (transection)  model is an outsourcing fee model that charges a variable fee based on the volume of transactions or operations performed by the application.(transection
        
             
        
        
        
Rationing system refers to the system of managed distribution of resources that are considered scarce. How this controls the distribution is by controlling the size of the ration. Therefore, if someone offers a landlord extra cash to make sure that the apartment would be guaranteed available is like performing business in the black market.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
<u>Future Price</u>
F0: 126.89
F3: 113.13
F4: 113.41
<u>Value of the contract:</u>
a) zero (by definition)
b) -13
c) -13
Explanation:
<em>forward price:</em>

being S the spot rate
time 9 months and
rate 2% <u>continuous componding</u>
As the rate is continuous we calculate using the e number instead:


F = 125 x 1.015113065
F = 126.8891331 = 126.89
<u>3th month into the contract:</u>

F = 113.1256187 = 113.13
<u>4th month</u>

F = 113.4087866 = 113.41
<u>value of the contract</u>
at third month:
Vt = St - F0
Vt = 112 - 125 = -13
at fourth month
Vt = 112 - 125 = -13