Answer:
The first option, the second option and the last option is what applies during the electron transport chain
Electrons are removed from their carrier molecules as the molecules will lose energy bit by bit
Protons are moved across a membrane
Oxygen is not a waste product since it is very useful, water is the waste product
Carbon Dioxide is released as it is another waste product
A genetic outcome of a genetic cross between the same parents is independent of previous outcomes.
<h3>What is genetic variation?</h3>
Genetic variation can be defined as the genetic poll of an organism, which is the raw material trough which evolution can occur by natural selection.
During sexual reproduction, the formation of gametes generates different genetic backgrounds which are independent of distinct gametes.
In conclusion, each genetic outcome of a genetic cross between the same parents is independent of all previous outcomes.
Learn more about genetic variation here:
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Biotic factors include plants, animals, fungi, algae, and bacteria so the only answer would be invasive species
