Answer:
D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
Explanation:
Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.
The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.
Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.
Hence the correct option is (D).
B Of course, the real drawback to traveling to Mars is the lack of cell phone reception.
the answer is: A cognitive psychologist enrolls undergraduate students for a computer-based study about the effect of mood on problem-solving behaviors.
Here the requirement for research with human subjects according to the Fed :
"Obtains information or biospecimens through intervention or interaction with the individual, and uses, studies, or analyzes the information or biospecimens; or Obtains, uses, studies, analyzes, or generates identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens."
The experiment on this ption fulfill the criteria because:
- The experiment should use studies or analytics to obtain some sort of private information from the subjects. (such as their mood)
- The experiment should make some sort of intervention that can be used to measure its hypothesis. (in the case above, the researchers could put the subject under a certain level of stress before telling them to solve a set of problems)
- The researchers need to interact with the subject in a certain way. (since the researchers meet the undergraduate directly, it's considered as an interraction)
