Answer:
passing new voting requirements.
Explanation:
At the end of the reconstruction in the United States, the african-americans were disenfranchised by the southern Democrats by certain laws, constitutions, and other practices that were intentionally put in place to stop the blacks from voting and also from registering to vote.
These laws were used to suppress the black voters. They made laws that did not seem racial on paper, just to avoid a violation of the fifteenth amendment. But they purposely implemented these laws to suppress the blacks.
Two secret revolutionary groups in Russia was the Nihilists and the Populists.
Hey there,
Your question states: <span>How did the calculation of pi help mathematicians during the Gupta period?
My best guess that I would give would be the option B. </span><span>
The value of pi helped them explain that Earth is a rotating sphere. Because they used the </span>

to help them, just as we use that in math.
Hope this helps.
~Jurgen
Answer:
the treaty of Versaille
Explanation:
Article 231 of the treaty placed all blame for inciting the war squarely on Germany, and forced it to pay several billion in reparations to the Allied nations.