Answer:
a- black powder
Explanation:
it is powder and has no pigment
* Channel proteins- these are proteins with a hydrophilic pore where specific ions are able to pass through the membrane. Each channel protein is specific to an ion. This is the only way ions can travel through the membrane. They are trans membrane proteins.
* Carrier proteins- these are proteins which allow larger or polar molecules through the membrane. They are trans membrane proteins.
Carrier proteins essentially “carry" signals that are not soluble in aqueous solution through the blood stream to their target cells. Carrier proteins for hydrophilic signals prevent degradation of the signal. Channel proteins are embedded in cell membranes. They often are receptors (though not always), and when activated, allow specific ions to pass through the membrane.
A channel protein is a special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. Like all transport proteins, each channel protein has a size and shape which excludes all but the most specific molecules
The carrier protein facilitate diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane. The protein is imbedded in the cell membrane and covers the entire membrane. This is important because the carrier must transport the molecule in and out of the cell.
Answer:
The double membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded,and therefore wider when unfolded than that of the nucleus.This is an adaptive feature to increase the surface area for reactions (electrochemical gradient) by accommodating protons pumped into it by the proton motive force(PMF) from the matrix to set up the electrochemical gradients needed to generate the energy needed by ATPase synthase enzymes for ATPs synthesis.
Required number of protons needed to be accommodated by the double membrane to generate enough energy for ATPase synthesis,therefore larger surface area is needed.
Explanation:
Answer:
Net Primary productivity
Explanation:
In an ecosystem, primary productivity is a term used for autotrophic organisms. It is the process by which these organisms like plants, green algae etc. make their own food using inorganic sources. However, they do not utilize all the matter they make from this process.
The NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) is the amount of organic material that is available for transfer to the next trophic level after subtracting material used for respiration. This means that NPP is the amount available after removal of the one to be lost via respiration i.e. NPP = GPP - respiration.
