Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens, either viruses or bacteria. In order to do this, certain molecules from the pathogen need to be introduced into the body to trigger an immune response. These molecules are called antigens, and they’re present on all viruses and bacteria. Memory cells are then formed to remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections. Vaccinations increase the level of circulating antibodies against a certain antigen. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) called B cells.
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In order for this gas transfer to take place, an amphibian’s skin is damp and often slimy. Although cutaneous respiration requires less energy than breathing via lungs or gills, it can only take place at a constant rate. Most amphibians have lungs to handle respiration at a greater rate when required.
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most indo genous ligands pinel to do a site distinet from the from the ion condition pore and binding directly causes opening or closing of the channel .
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keep it up
The nitrogen cycle could not exist without bacteria. Bacteria that lived inside the ground, catch the ntirogen that has been fixed and convert it into nitrate. This nitrate than used as a nutrients during photosynthesis from which the plants produce another fixed nitrogen and completed the cycle.
