Answer:
In seedless vascular plants, such as ferns and horsetails, the plants reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds. The spores are very lightweight (unlike many seeds), which allows for their easy dispersion in the wind and for the plants to spread to new habitats.
Copulation is animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body, especially directly into her reproductive tract.
A chemo electrical signal that can travel along cell membranes in a wave-like pattern is called a nerve impulse.
What is a nerve impulse?
- A nerve impulse is an action potential generated across the plasma membrane of the neurons of our nervous system.
- The electrical potential difference generated across the neurilemma i,e., the plasma membrane of the neurons (due to the reception of the external stimulus), is responsible for the generation of the nerve impulse.
- Neurotransmitters, chemicals like acetylcholine, dopamine, etc., are also involved in transmitting nerve impulses across neurons.
Hence, the chemoelectrical signal that can travel along cell membranes in a wave-like pattern is a nerve impulse.
Learn more about a nerve impulse: brainly.com/question/14696123
#SPJ1
-Chemical synapse are the most numerous type of synapse in the human body
-chemical synapse are unidirectional
Chemical synapse are specialized junction by which cells of the nervous system signal to one another and also to non neuronal cells such as muscles and glands. This also allows the neurons of the central nervous system to form interconnected neural circuits. They are crucial to biological computations and provide means to connect and control other systems in the body.
Hydrogen ions rush out of the thylakoid, powering the reaction that produces ATP
Explanation:
As the electrons from the reactive center of photosystems are passed down the protein chain, their energy is harnessed to pump in H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. This creates an H+ proton gradient that has potential energy to do work. ATP synthase utilized this gradient to generate ATPs by chemiosmosis. As the H+ ions move down the concentration gradient through the protein molecule, the ATP synthase is able to phosphorylate ADP and convert them into ATPs – the energy currency of cells.
This same principle not only in the chloroplasts but also in the mitochondria.
Learn More:
For more on chemiosmosis check out;
brainly.com/question/13155456
brainly.com/question/461373
#LearnWithBrainly
