Cancers develop usually by damage to the DNA or by genetic predisposition. With concern to the pathophysiology of cancers or malignancies by genetic predisposition; the two hit hypothesis explains how inherited traits lead to cancer development. The first hit is the inherited susceptibility gene wherein alone, will not cause cancer development. The second hit is usually caused by DNA damage brought about environmental factors (i.e. carcinogens). When the two hits are present, there will be cancer development. This hypothesis usually apply to the mutations in tumor suppressor genes rather than oncogenes (genes that promotes cancer development when activated).
D. Growing and reproducing
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
A) one human somatic cell
Explanation:
A human genome is a complete set of DNA in somatic cell and it contains 23 chromosome pairs (nuclear genome). Beside nuclear genome cell also have mitochondrial genome. Unlike somatic cells (diploid-two sets of chromosomes, one from mother and one from father), germ cells (egg cell and sperm cells) are haploid, have only one set of chromosomes.
Human genomes include genes that are protein-coding but also noncoding DNA.
Answer:
Variable expressivity, Incomplete penetrance, Phenocopy, Genetic heterogeneity
Explanation:
Phenocopy: When an environmentally caused phenotype mimics one that has a genetic basis. The variation in phenotype caused by environmental conditions exists in such a way that the organism's phenotype matches a phenotype which is determined by genetic factors.
Variable expressivity: When a characteristic is subject to a range in severity or degree of expression in the phenotype.
Genetic heterogeneity: When the same phenotype/disease can be caused by different genes.
Incomplete penetrance: When individuals have a genotype that specifies a particular phenotype but that phenotype does not develop.
Answer:
Salmonella are made of Flagella which prevent it from being phagocytosed.
Flagella is a long filamentous organelle responsible for bacterial motility. falgella are present exteranlly in all three dimensionally in salmonella and it helps salmonella to swim in liquid conditions and rotates the flagella on firm surfaces.
Flagella is known as PAMPs (pathogenic molecular patterns) in salmonella which is used by the host to identify bacteria and activate the immune system of the bacteria.
Hence, rotating or motility and immune function of flagella in salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed.