SCA is a common monogenic blood disorder with potentially devastating consequences due to chronic and episodic disease; it has a massive impact on the health-care system and is linked to a significant reduction in life span.
We show that gene therapy with a lentivirus vector expressing γ-globin has the potential for a one-time cure and define the parameters required to cure the disease. We also show a preclinical in vivo method for determining the minimal amount of genetically corrected hematopoietic stem cells needed to correct disease, which is important in the design of clinical gene therapy trials.
The expression of the γ-globin gene in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) results in enough postnatal fetal hemoglobin (HbF) to correct sickle cell anemia (SCA) in the Berkeley "humanized" sickle mouse. We assessed critical parameters for correction after de-escalating the number of transduced HSCs in transplant recipients using reduced-intensity conditioning and varying gene transfer efficiency and vector copy number.
The minimal amount of HbF, F cells, HbF/F-cell, and gene-modified HSCs required for correcting the sickle phenotype was determined using a systematic quantification of functional and hematologic red blood cell (RBC) indices, organ pathology, and life span.
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Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. In 1953, he co-authored with James Watson the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.
The fact that both the humans and the bats have very similar forelimb structure, the humans in the arms, the bats in their wings, which in turn is very similar to those of an ancient sarcopterygian called eusthenopteron, suggest that both species probably share a common distant ancestor.
The eusthenopteron was an ancient species first thought to be living on land, though the latest research shows that it was only living in water, however, this animal is a distant ancestor of both species. This animal can be seen as ancestor to the humans and the bats because it is part of group that created the first animals on land, which in turn gave rise to the mammals later on, and both humans and bats are mammals, thus there's a connection and common ancestor of the both.
Answer:
It will enable gut enzymes to act on the bolus during digestion.
Explanation:
The acidic presence of HCl (hydrochloric acid) in the gastric juice serves as a stimulus for the intestinal wall to produce secretin.
This hormone will act on the pancreas by stimulating the production of pancreatic juice that will contain <u>enzymes</u> (trypsinogen, amylase, lipases) and <u>HCO3⁻</u> (bicarbonate) salts, which have base composition.
With this composition that will be sent to the duodenum, there will be neutralization of acidic solution coming from the stomach and pH leveling around 8.0 (slightly basic) which is great for the enzymes that work there.
Answer:
Using those measurements, the equatorial circumference of Earth is about 24,901 miles (40,075 km). However, from pole-to-pole — the meridional circumference — Earth is only 24,860 miles (40,008 km) around. This shape, caused by the flattening at the poles, is called an oblate spheroid
Explanation:
