Answer:
- A signal for apoptosis that comes from outside the cell is when a cell detaches from extracellular matrix. If this happens, a transmembrane signal is triggered.
- Two examples of cellular occurrences that would prompt an apoptosis signal from inside the cell are:
1. Damaged DNA
2. Increase of cytosolic calcium concentration
Explanation:
Apoptosis can be activated from an intrinsic or an extrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway is activated when a cell senses stress (for example, damaged DNA or high cytosolic calcium concentration) and triggers death proteins to activate apoptosis mechanism inside of it; the extrinsic pathway refers to the apoptosis triggered by signals that come from other cells. In this scenario, ligands bind to cell-surface death receptors and activates a death-inducing signal.
1. If we cross YyLl (heterozygous parent with dominant traits) with yyll (homozygous parent with recessive traits)
P: YyLl x yyll
F1 generation: YyLl: 400 Yyll: 100 yyLl: 100 yyll: 400
Recombinant offspring are those children whose genes contain a non-parental allele combination (neither allele group is directly inherited from either parent). This happens when genes are located on the same chromosome but are so far apart from one another so that their alleles get crossed over during meiosis. In this case, Yyll and yyLl are the recombinant.
2. Calculation of distance between Y and L.
The numbers of the two recombinant types is 200 (100 Yyll + 100 yyLl) and 800 parental offspring.
Total number of offspring is 1000.
So: 200/1000*100=20 map units.
There is 20 percent recombinant offspring frequency.
Answer is c just took the test
Hydrocarbons,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
