Despite wide recognition that speculation is critical for successful science, philosophers have attended little to it. When they have, speculation has been characterized in narrowly epistemic terms: a hypothesis is speculative due to its (lack of) evidential support. These ‘evidence-first’ accounts provide little guidance for what makes speculation productive or egregious, nor how to foster the former while avoiding the latter. I examine how scientists discuss speculation and identify various functions speculations play. On this basis, I develop a ‘function-first’ account of speculation. This analysis grounds a richer discussion of when speculation is egregious and when it is productive, based in both fine-grained analysis of the speculation’s purpose, and what I call the ‘epistemic situation’ scientists face.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
TAX: tax is a compulsory fnancial levy either direct or indirect imposed upon a taxpayer by the government. There are three types of taxes and the three types of taxes are the; proportional tax, the progressive tax, and the regressive tax. Taxes are used to raise revenue for government expenditures,
A proportional tax; regardless of the income, the same percentage of taxation will be on everyone.
TAX REFORM: tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected by the government.
The tax reform made in 1986 was made in order to DECREASE CONSUMER DEBT and INCREASE HOME EQUITY DEBT and not the way round.
Because of the reform, citizens financed their spendings through home equity.
Explanation:
no because it stands out from the other whales and predators
Answer: Julius Caesar began his rise to power in 60 B.C.E.
Explanation: He did this by forging an alliance with another general, Pompey, and a wealthy patrician, Crassus. Upon his return, Caesar made himself dictator and absolute ruler of Rome and its territories. During his rule, he enacted several reforms.
