Answer:
Punishment
Explanation:
According to my research on studies conducted in the field of child development, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the term being described is called Punishment. Punishments come in many forms, such as time-outs, physical violence, taking away personal items, to more extreme forms of punishment such as torture and death. Like mentioned in the question punishment is used as a method to discourage a behavior from happening again, and different methods of punishment are used depending on the situation.
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It’s the study if human societies and culture
It's between b and c because they are good examples but c is more recommended