Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
B it will be exactly 100 grams
Answer:
The correct option is D: Faults form because crust gets cracked when plates move apart along divergent plate boundaries.
Explanation:
Options A and B are incorrect because even though tectonic plates are constantly moving and crashing against each other at convergent plate boundaries, it is not responsible for causing an earthquake. Option C is also incorrect in the context of the question statement merely colliding does not result in an earthquake.
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In clockwise hemisphere would you find this motion. As shown in picture the arrow is facing toward the south to north east direction.
<h3>
In which direction earth rotates?</h3>
Earth rotation direction is west to east, that appears counterclockwise when viewed from above the North Pole.
Any circle drawn around the earth divides it into two equal halves called hemispheres. There are four hemisphere northern, southern, western, eastern hemisphere on the earth.
For more information regarding hemisphere rotation, visit:
brainly.com/question/15853460
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