Metternich urged conservative rulers to act decisively and crush the dangerous uprisings. In response, a French army marched over the Pyrenees to suppress a revolt in Spain. Austrian forces crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.
They were called duchies.
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Ancient India was home to two of the world's first cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had stone buildings, multiply stories, and sewage systems! India was one of the very first civilizations to use algebra and calculus. The number zero was invented in Ancient India by a man named Aryabhatta.
The main causes of World War I were Mutual Defense Alliances, Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.