National defense is a good that is nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption. Suppose that instead of national defense being pai
d for with tax dollars national defense is paid for by voluntary contributions from (potentially) all individuals within Latvia. Cedric, who is a Latvian citizen, must decide whether he wants to contribute to the national-defense budget. Further, suppose that there are a total of 10 citizens, including Cedric. For the optimal amount of safety, each citizen should pay $10$10 . Every $1$1 contributed (by anyone) to the national defense leads to increased security, which each person values at $0.20$0.20 . This means that every dollar spent on defense is worth $2.00$2.00 to Latvia as a whole. How much does Cedric personally value the increase in national defense when he contributes $10$10 to the defense fund? Cedric's personal value: $ If contributions are voluntary, and assuming people rationally maximize their utility, what is the total contributed to national defense? total contributed voluntarily: $ Suppose that instead of relying on voluntary contributions the government simply levies a tax of $10$10 on each person to pay for national defense. How much better or worse off would Cedric be if everyone (including himself) were taxed $10$10 instead of contributing voluntarily? If Cedric is worse off, be sure to put a negative sign in front of the number. Cedric's gain or loss under tax: $
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