Answer:
Bosley Company
Calculation of Net Income or Net Loss during the year ended January 31, 2019, under three independent situations:
Situation 1. Bosley issued $5 million of stock and declared no dividends.  
Net Loss = stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018 plus new issue of stock less stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019
= $51 + 5 - 31 = $25 million
Situation 2. Bosley issued no stock but declared dividends of $8 million.
Net loss = stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018 less (dividends + stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019)
= $51 - (8 + 31) = $12 million
Situation 3. Bosley issued $10 million of stock and declared dividends of $50 million
:
Net income = (stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019 plus dividends) minus (stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018 plus Issuance of stock)
= ($31 + 50) - ($51 + 10) = $20 million
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
                                          2018    2019
Total assets                         74       48  
Total liabilities                     23       17  
Total stockholders' equity  51       31
Stockholders' equity according to the accounting equation = Assets minus Liabilities for each year.
b) Situation 1. Bosley issued $5 million of stock and declared no dividends.  
                                                                        ($' million)
Total stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018   51
Add: Issuance of stock                                       5
Net income                                                           0
Less: Dividends declared                                   0
Net loss                                                            (25
)
Total stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019   31
Net Loss = stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018 plus new issue of stock less stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019
= $51 + 5 - 31 = $25 million
c) Situation 2. Bosley issued no stock but declared dividends of $8 million.  
                                                                        ($' million)
Total stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018   51
Add: Issuance of stock                                       0
Net income                                                          0
Less: Dividends declared                                 (8
)
Net loss                                                             (12
)
Total stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019  31
Net loss = stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018 less (dividends + stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019)
= $51 - (8 + 31) = $12 million
d) Situation 3. Bosley issued $10 million of stock and declared dividends of $50 million
                                                                     ($' million)
Total stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018  51
Add: Issuance of stock                                     10
Net income                                                       20
Less: Dividends declared                               (50
)
Net loss                                                              0
Total stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019 31
Net income = (stockholders' equity, January 31, 2019 plus dividends) minus (stockholders' equity, January 31, 2018 plus Issuance of stock)
= ($31 + 50) - ($51 + 10) = $20 million