The correct answer is: a. n+1, n+1, n-1, n-1
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during mitosis or meiosis. There are three forms of nondisjunction:
1. failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I ,
2. failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and
3. failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis.
As a consequence of nondisjunction abnormal chromosome numbers appears. If nondisjunction occurs during the meiosis I (anaphase I), this means that at least one pair of homologous chromosomes did not separate. The consequence is two cells that have an extra copy of one chromosome and two cells that lack that chromosome.
It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression. During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene's DNA is passed to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus
Answer: Friction slows down the swing of the pendulum until it fully stops.
I'm not sure what to put for the next question
The structure of a typical antibody molecule
Antibodies are the secreted form of the B-cell receptor. An antibody is identical to the B-cell receptor of the cell that secretes it except for a small portion of the C-terminus of the heavy-chain constant region. In the case of the B-cell receptor the C-terminus is a hydrophobic membrane-anchoring sequence, and in the case of antibody it is a hydrophilic sequence that allows secretion. Since they are soluble, and secreted in large quantities, antibodies are easily obtainable and easily studied. For this reason, most of what we know about the B-cell receptor comes from the study of antibodies.
Antibody molecules are roughly Y-shaped molecules consisting of three equal-sized portions, loosely connected by a flexible tether. Three schematic representations of antibody structure, which has been determined by X-ray crystallography, are shown in Fig. 3.1. The aim of this part of the chapter is to explain how this structure is formed and how it allows antibody molecules to carry out their dual tasks—binding on the one hand to a wide variety of antigens, and on the other hand to a limited number of effector molecules and cells. As we will see, each of these tasks is carried out by separable parts of the molecule. The two arms of the Y end in regions that vary between different antibody molecules, the V regions. These are involved in antigen binding, whereas the stem of the Y, or the C region, is far less variable and is the part that interacts with effector cells and molecules.
The right option is; c. A sample
A portion of the population selected to represent the population is called a sample.
A sample is the smaller part of a larger group selected to represent the whole group. A sample is expected to represent the whole population and not to show any prejudice or differences toward a certain characteristic. In experimental studies, samples are used when the size of a population is too large and in order to ensure that all members of a population are equally observed and selected.
