The protein encoded by the mutant allele is shorter than the one encoded by the normal allele, the protein encoded by the mutant allele could be non-functional and the mutant allele could be associated with disease. In addition, DNA and mutation can happen possibly wherever on these molecules at any time. The most severe variations take place in the useful units of DNA is the genes in which the mutated form of a gene is named a mutant allele.
If by buffer you mean dilute or cancel out a 12 ph level is a base so you need to add the equal and opposite amount of acid to it....kind of like how -1+1=0
