Answer: option 3
Explanation:
Background to the case:
The cases involving the explosion of Ford Pinto's due to a defective fuel system design led to the debate of many issues, most centering around the use by Ford of a cost-benefit analysis and the ethics surrounding its decision not to upgrade the fuel system based on this analysis.
Basis of analysis:
Should a risk/benefit analysis be used in situations where a defect in manufacturing could lead to seriously bodily harm and even worse death, such as in the Ford Pinto situation?
Rule of the court:
There hasn’t really been a definite decision about the case and arguments both for and against such an analysis have been made. It is an economically efficient method which has been accepted by courts for numerous years, however, juries may not always agree, so companies should take this into account.
Discretion is expected to be used.
Cognitive dissonance, which is the mental discomfort between two contradictory ideas. Customers may experience cognitive dissonance when they spend a lot of money and feel regret even for a purchase that they enjoy.
<span>Present
value is the current value of a future sum of money. Present value of money is
used to compute the time value of money. It is also known as ‘present discounted
value’ or ‘discounted value.’ It is the worth of money now to be paid in series
of payments at a certain interest rate to arrive at the future value.</span>