In the Grand Canyon, there are clear horizontal layers of different rocks that provide information about where, when, and how they were deposited, long before the canyon was even carved.
The immune system. It produces antibodies which fight the bacteria or virus that caused the infection
Answer:
a. resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa
b. (the same, it is repeated)
Explanation:
Nemertios (ribbon worms) and foronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related groups of lofotrocozoa. Lofotrocozoans, or simply trocozoans (= tribomastic celomados with trocophoric larva) are a group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, endoprocts, brachiopods and other invertebrates. They represent a crucial superphylum for our understanding of the evolution of bilateral symmetry animals. However, given the inconsistency between molecular and morphological data for these groups, their origins were not entirely clear. In the work linked above, the first records of genomes of the Nemertine worm Notospermus geniculatus and the foronid Phoronis australis are presented, along with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our phylogenetic analyzes based on the genome place Nemertinos as the sister group of the taxon that contains Phoronidea and Brachiopoda. It is shown that lofotrocozoans share many families of genes with deuterotomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a common genetic repertoire of bilaterals that do not possess ecdisozoans (arthropods, nematodes) or platizoos (platelets, sydermats). Comparative transcriptomics demonstrates that foronid and brachiopod lofophores are similar not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level. Although the lofophore and vertebrates show very different cephalic structures, the lofophorees express the vertebrate head genes and neuronal marker genes. This finding suggests a common origin of the bilaterial pattern of the head, although different types of head will evolve independently in each lineage. In addition, we recorded innate immunity expansions of lineage-specific and toxin-related genes in both lofotrocozoa and deuterostomes. Together, this study reveals a dual nature of lofotrocozoans, in which the conserved and specific characteristics of the lineage shape their evolution.
Smooth muscles depolarize as a result of a transmembrane current of Calcium ions. When an action potential depolarizes the muscle cell membrane, it also travels into the body of the cell via the t-tubules. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is dependent in two sources of calcium in order to intiate contraction. These two sources are calcium sequestered in the S.R. of the smooth muscle cell.
The number of calories on a Halloween stash depends on the type of candies and the number of units of each. If the stash contains 5 units of each of these candies: chocolate bars, taffies, lollypops, and candy corn the total number of calories is 1,650.
Calories are the most common unit used to define the energy a specific food gives to your body. For example, an apple has 52 calories, while a banana has 89 calories.
Considering this, in a Halloween stash the calories depend on two factors:
- The types of candies or products
- The units of each one
Let's suppose there are 5 units of each of the following candies:
- Chocolate bars
- Taffies
- Lollypops
- Candy corn
Let's now calculate the calories
- Chocolate bars = 220 calories x 5 units = 1,100 calories
- Taffies = 20 calories x 5 units = 100 calories
- Lollypops = 83 calories x 5 units = 415 calories
- Candy corn = 7 calories x 5 = 35 calories
Add all the previous results:
1,100 + 100 + 415 + 35 = 1,650 calories in total
Learn more in brainly.com/question/22374134
