Answer:
(C) The Firm's stock is overvalued and one should consider selling the stock
Explanation:
Price Earnings Ratio is a measure of market price of stock in relation to it's earnings. It shows how well a company's stock is valued in the market.
Price Earnings Ratio = 
A high price earnings ratio would lead investors to believe that the firm's stock prices are higher than it's earnings which means the stock prices are overvalued.
This further means, the market price of those stocks is greater than their fair value and it would be beneficial to investors to sell such stocks as it would result into a gain.
Thus, a higher price earnings ratio will lead investors to infer that the firm's stock is overvalued and one should consider selling the stock.
Answer:
Message encoding.
Explanation:
Communication can be defined as the process of conveying information from one person or location to another. Communication can also be described as the transmission of messages through signs, pictorial representation, verbal means.
Encoding can be defined as the process in which an idea is transformed in a communicable message and then transmitted through various channels such as television, radio, internet.
Message encoding involves sending messages to the receiver in comprehensible words.
Answer:
alitalia should do the forward hedge to hedge its transaction exposure
Explanation:
Alitalia can construct the money market hedge as follows
1. borrow Euro whose present value is equal to the amount to be paid.
2. convert it to foreign currency at the current spot rate.
3. place it in a deposit
4. make the payment when the deposit reaches maturity
PV of payment = 10000000/1.05
= 9523809.525
converting in to Euro at the spot rate we get 6802721.09 Euros
so Alitalia has to borrow the above amount and convert it and invest it at 5%.
now the payable amount from the loan is 6802721.09(1+0.03) = 7006802.72 Euros
Hence Alitalia has effective managed to locl in a forward rate of 1.427$/euros (10000000/7006802.72)$/euros
Therefore, alitalia should do the forward hedge to hedge its transaction exposure
Answer:
What lessons are we to learn from this?
The Hanseatic league, just like the Northern Italian City-States of the Late Middle Ages, are early examples of capitalism: they represent proto-capitalism.
In the cities that belonged to the Hanseatic League, the work of merchants was promoted, and capital accumulation and the profit motive began to develop. However, this does not meant that cooperation was out of place. The merchants cooperated voluntarily because they could get more working in association.
Are there prospects for more merchant leagues in an increasingly globalized economy?
There will always be the prospect for more merchant leagues, because people naturally cooperate if it is in the benefit of all the parties.
In fact, trade unions and economic unions could be seen as a form of merchant league, that are created by states instead of individual merchants.
