1291 is the answer to number one, ill get the rest in the chat, I'm out of time
They came from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Answer:
The rule of law I guess
Explanation:
It is the supremacy of the ordinary law.
The financial crisis of 2008 was initially caused by problems in the "Housing Market," since lots of very influential banks had made very risky (sub-prime) loans to investors.
Answer:
The Christian Church gave the various people and tribes in Western Europe a cultural center.
Explanation:
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in Western Europe, Church became the centre of culture. During this period, the Catholic Church was the only unifying factor, and the church builds Western Civilization based on its beliefs. The Christian religion was also spreading in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.