Answer:
Explanation:
Vesicles have multiple functions, and they primarily store, transport, or digest cellular products and cellular waste. Because they are separated from the cytosol of cells, their internal environment is completely different from that of cells. For this reason, vesicles can digest cell machinery and recover cellular material. In order to transport substances into or out of cells, vesicles fuse with cell membranes and release or absorb inclusions from outside the cells. There are four main types of vesicles. The vacuoles are vesicles that mainly contain water. They are present in plant cells. They transport water into and out of the cell. Lysosomes are vesicles found in eukaryotic cells. They are involved in cell digestion. It can also be used to recover damaged organelles, which work primarily with the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. They transfer molecules such as proteins and fats between the two organelles, which are the fourth major type of vesicles that contain substances that need to be excreted from cells, most commonly they contain waste.
<em>The well-defined risk factors for AD include inflammation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial damage, genetic factors, cerebrovascular disease, brain trauma, and age-related sex hormone loss in men and women, and all of these risk factors can be targets for the development of new drugs for AD.
</em>
<em>
</em>
<em>In Alzheimacy, we classify the drugs or targets for Alzheimer’s treatment according to the currently known neuropathologic features of AD. Signature neuropathological changes in AD include acetylcholine deficiency, glutamate excitotoxicity, amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by tau-protein precipitates, as well as massive loss of neurons.</em>
<em>https://www.creativebiomart.net/alzheimacy/therapeutics/chemical-drug/</em>
Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural biopolymers. The cell walls of plants are mostly made of cellulose, which provides structural support to the cell. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature. Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are linked by bonds between particular carbon atoms in the glucose molecule.
Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is flipped over and packed tightly as extended long chains. This gives cellulose its rigidity and high tensile strength—which is so important to plant cells. Cellulose passing through our digestive system is called dietary fiber. While the glucose-glucose bonds in cellulose cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes, herbivores such as cows, buffalos, and horses are able to digest grass that is rich in cellulose and use it as a food source. In these animals, certain species of bacteria reside in the rumen (part of the digestive system of herbivores) and secrete the enzyme cellulase. The appendix also contains bacteria that break down cellulose, giving it an important role in the digestive systems of ruminants. Cellulases can break down cellulose into glucose monomers that can be used as an energy source by the animal.
Answer:
amino acids
Explanation:
Proteins are made up of small units called amino acids. The proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. In addition to nitrogen, proteins may contain phosphorus or sulphur or both. The proteins are referred to as nitrogenous compounds because they contain nitrogen element.
A phylogenetic tree<span> or evolutionary </span>tree<span> is a branching diagram or "</span>tree<span>" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their </span>phylogeny<span>—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.</span>
