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Anestetic [448]
2 years ago
5

What is the output of the following program?

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Contact [7]2 years ago
3 0

The question is poorly formatted:

<em>#include <stdio.h> </em>

<em>int main() { </em>

<em>int arr [5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; </em>

<em>arr [1] = 0; </em>

<em>arr [3] = 0; </em>

<em>for (int i = 0;i < 5; i+=1) </em>

<em>printf("%d", arr[i]); </em>

<em>return 0; </em>

<em>}</em>

Answer:

The output is 10305

Explanation:

I'll start my explanation from the third line

This line declares and initializes integer array arr of 5 integer values

<em>int arr [5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; </em>

<em />

This line sets the value of arr[1] to 0

<em>arr [1] = 0; </em>

<em>At this point, the content of the array becomes arr [5] = {1, 0, 3, 4, 5};</em>

This line sets the value of arr[3] to 0

<em>arr [3] = 0; </em>

<em>At this point, the content of the array becomes arr [5] = {1, 0, 3, 0, 5};</em>

<em />

The next two lines is an iteration;

The first line of the iteration iterates the value of i order from 0 to 4

<em>for (int i = 0;i < 5; i+=1) </em>

<em />

This line prints all elements of array arr from arr[0] to arr[4]

<em>printf("%d", arr[i]); </em>

<em />

<em>So, the output will be 10305</em>

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a) What are the 'interrupts' in a computer system? Describe the approaches to deal with multiple interrupts in a system.b) Analy
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Answer:

a)

An interrupt is a signal sent to the processor which indicates an event that needs immediate attention.

  • Interrupts are usually sent to CPU by external or I/O devices.
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  • Interrupts requests the processor to stop its ongoing operations and run appropriate part of OS.
  • If the request is acknowledged, the processor may respond by halting its current operation, saving its state. Processor then executes a function called an interrupt handler to handle the event that needs attention.
  • This interrupt is temporary, and processor continues normal activities after the interrupt operator stops, unless the interrupt shows a fatal error.
  • The CPU must inform the device that its interrupt request is acknowledged so that it stops sending interrupt signals.
  • Interrupts are usually used for multitasking purposes in real time computers.
  • There are two basic types of interrupts: hardware and software interrupts.
  • A hardware interrupt requests are generated by hardware devices, to indicate that it needs attention from the operating system.
  • Software interrupts are either requested by programs when they want  some service from the operating system or these interrupts are generated by processor itself on executing particular instructions or when certain requirements are met.

Approaches to deal with multiple interrupts:

There are two approaches to handle multiple interrupts.

  1. One approach is to disable interrupts while an interrupt is being processed. A disabled interrupt means that processor will ignore that interrupt request. If during this phase an interrupt happens, it usually remains pending and will be reviewed by the processor after the interrupts has been enabled by the processor. So, when a program is being executed and an interrupt happens, interrupts are disabled immediately.Upon completion of the interrupt handler procedure, interrupts are allowed before the user program resumes, and the processor checks if other interrupts have occurred. This is a simple technique which deals with the interrupts sequentially. But it does not deal with priority requirements.
  2. Second approach is to define interrupt priorities to enable a higher priority interrupt to cause disruption of a lower-priority interrupt handler. For example take a system with 3 I/O devices: printer, disk and communication line with priorities 3,5, and 7. Lets say when a program starts a printer interrupt happens. The execution continues at printer ISR. At some time interval communication interrupt happens whilst this ISR is still executing. Due to the higher priority of the communication line than the printer, the interrupt is accepted and printer routine is interrupted. Its state is placed on stack and now execution resumes at communication line ISR. Now at some time interval the disk interrupt happens while communication routine is still executing. As the priority of disk interrupt is lower so this is held and communication isr execute completely. Suppose communication ISR finishes, then the previous state is resumed which is printer's ISR execution. But as the disk has higher priority than printer, the processor continues execution in disk ISR. After the completion of disk routine execution, the printer ISR is resumed. After the printer ISR execution is completed the control goes back to the user program.

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  • Having several different buses available allows to have multiple choices for connecting devices to computer system.
  • Bus designs changes, with the introduction of new types and forms from time to time. Multiple bus architecture with several buses can support equipment from different time periods and helps to retain obsolete equipment such as printers and old hard drives, and also add new ones. This is the compatibility benefit of using multiple bus architecture.
  • CPU places heavy load on bus which carries data from memory and peripheral traffic. So nowadays computers take on multi core model with multiple buses required. So multiple bus architecture is a good option for such systems as it carries more amounts of data through the processor with minimum wait time.

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