Answer: First line of defense, the cells of the innate recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic and fast way and does not confer long-term or protective immunity. Recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection and inflammation and activation of the complement system cascade.
Explanation:
Innate immunity is a defense system that you were born with and that protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity consists of barriers that prevent harmful materials from entering the body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response. There are also <u>phagocytic cells</u> of the immune system which include: <u>macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells</u>. The membrane receptors of those cells allow it to act on the recognition of danger signals and they are of the type TLR and PRR. These are Antigen Presenting cells which process the pathogens and display their antigens on their surface and takes it to B lymphocytes for the production of antibodies, which is part of the adaptive immune system.
<u>This means that the cells of the innate recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic and fast way</u> and, unlike the adaptive immune response, <u>does not confer long-term or protective immunity to the host.</u>
So, the main functions of the innate immune response include:
- Recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection and inflammation, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines.
- Activation of the complement system cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes.
- The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph, by leukocytes.
- The activation of the adaptive immune response through a process known as antigen presentation.
- Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. It is stimulated by the release of chemical factors and serves to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and to promote the recovery of some damaged tissue following clearance from pathogens. Chemical factors produced during inflammation (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes) sensitize pain receptors, cause vasodilation of blood vessels at the scene, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils.
Answer: Capillaries are tiny branched blood vessels that joins the arteries to the veins
Explanation:
Capillaries are found in the junctions between arteries and veins in the tissues.
They have the following functions:
- They have tiny walls and are tiny enough to penetrate to all parts of the body
- The thin walls help them diffuse oxygen, nutrients and waste products between cells and the blood.
Experiment Title: Does soil pH affect the color of tomato fruits?
A. Thesis statement: A high soil pH yields red tomatoes.
Set up: 9 pots each filled with soil of varying pH will be used in this experiment. The pots will be assigned into three groups: The control group will contain soil that has a neutral pH, the basic group will contain soil that has a pH greater than 7, and the acidic group will contain soil that has a pH lesser than 7.
The amount of water and sunlight received by the groups should be equal to eliminate other factors that could possibly affect the color variations. By keeping these factors the same, color variation would solely depend on the pH of the soil.
Control Group: It is necessary to keep the soil pH of the neutral group to be exactly 7. By making it neutral, we would be able to know what the natural color is exhibited by the tomato fruits.
The dependent variable in this experiment would be the color exhibited by the tomato fruits. The color exhibited is believed to be dependent on the pH of the soil. By having three samples each with varying pH, it is expected that there will be color variation.
Data Collection:
When the tomato plants bear fruits, determine the color of the fruits produced from each group. Create a table with two columns: the first column would be the group where the fruit belongs and the second column would be the color exhibited. Compare the data gathered from the three groups.
Data analysis:
A scenario which will support your hypothesis would be: the group which contained the basic soil produced red tomatoes. The neutral group produced orange tomato fruits while the acidic group produced yellow tomato fruits. It was found out that the higher the soil pH, the fruit color takes on a redder hue whereas if the pH keeps on going down, the fruit takes on a yellow a hue.
