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The Port Chicago disaster was a deadly munitions explosion that occurred on July 17, 1944, at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California, United States. Munitions detonated while being loaded onto a cargo vessel bound for the Pacific Theater of Operations, killing 320 sailors and civilians and injuring 390 others. Approximately two-thirds of the dead and injured were enlisted African American sailors.
A month later, unsafe conditions inspired hundreds of servicemen to refuse to load munitions, an act known as the Port Chicago Mutiny. Fifty men—called the "Port Chicago 50"—were convicted of mutiny and sentenced to 15 years of prison and hard labor, as well as a dishonorable discharge. Forty-seven of the 50 were released in January 1946; the remaining three served additional months in prison.
During and after the trial, questions were raised about the fairness and legality of the court-martial proceedings. Owing to public pressure, the United States Navy reconvened the courts-martial board in 1945; the court affirmed the guilt of the convicted men.Widespread publicity surrounding the case turned it into a cause célèbre among Americans opposing discrimination targeting African Americans; it and other race-related Navy protests of 1944–45 led the Navy to change its practices and initiate the desegregation of its forces beginning in February 1946 and In 1994, the Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial was dedicated to the lives lost in the disaster.
On June 11, 2019, a concurrent resolution sponsored by U.S. Representative Mark DeSaulnier was introduced in the 116th United States Congress. The resolution recognizes the victims of the explosion and officially exonerates the 50 men court-martialed by the Navy.
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Perhaps the biggest question in world history is why the balance of power shifted so dramatically in favor of Europe and the West instead of the East in the 1800s. One major reason is that China was so internally divided that development of any one province economically or technologically was a threat to the surrounding emperors. (C.)
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
I consider the United States space race of the 1950s-1969 against the Soviet Union as a failure?
Here is why.
In the times of the so-called Cold War, the Soviet Union had been the first to sent an artificial satellite into space, called "Sputnik." The date: October 4, 1957.
They had a clear advantage over the United States in the space race to the degree that this issue obsessed US President John F. Kennedy who ordered to invest millions of dollars to equal and pass the Soviet feat.
The federal government created a special agency, NASA, and spent millions of dollars trying to win the space race.
Under those conditions, it was not worth the cause.
Something totally different could have been if the US government had decided to invest and develop its space industry at its own pace. The problem here is that in thos Cold War days, the United States feared that this space advantage could represent a "war" advantage that had favored the Soviets.
Hey there!
When Columbia re-entered the Earth, the hot gases in the atmosphere (atmospheric gases), they destroyed the wings and it ultimately was destroyed. That technically means that the spacecraft wasn't shielded correctly, and led to a tragedy as well as major rethinking and reform for NASA.
That's why today, you see that all spacecraft are carefully tested and monitored before put into orbit.
Hope this helps!
