Answer:
Deep hydrothermal vents are located in areas with high tectonic activity, including the edges of tectonic plates, undersea mountain ranges and seamounts, and mid-ocean ridges. The water escaping from deep hydrothermal vents may be clear-ish and have low concentrations of minerals or it may be white or black and be characterized by high concentrations of minerals. These so-called white or black smokers look like chimneys, constantly blowing ‘smoke’ up from the sea floor. Minerals escaping from these vents usually include hydrogen sulfide or some other sulfur compound.
The deep-sea environment where these vents occur is completely dark, and photosynthesis (=the conversion of carbon dioxide into sugar using sunlight) is impossible. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae form the bottom of the food web, wherever there is sunlight. In the deep sea, most of the food must sink from the sunlit sea surface; however, as it sinks, it is eaten by all sorts of organisms. Very little food makes it to the deep sea floor. At deep hydrothermal vents, though, specialized bacteria can convert the sulfur compounds and heat into food and energy. As these bacteria multiply, they form thick mats on which animals can graze. In some cases, they form symbiotic relationships with animals, (e.g., giant tube worms) and live in the animals’ tissues, creating energy in return for receiving protection from predators. These specialized bacteria form the bottom of the deep hydrothermal vent food web, and many animals rely on their presence for survival, including deep-sea mussels, giant tube worms, yeti crabs, and many other invertebrates and fishes.
A similar deep-sea ecosystem is called the cold seep (or cold vent), where mineral- or methane-rich water seeps from the seafloor. Cold seeps do not require high tectonic activity and may be located more sporadically across the deep sea. Again, specialized bacteria utilize the high density of sulfur or methane compounds to create food/energy, again forming the bottom of a complex food web.
Some scientists hypothesize that the first life on Earth may have originated at deep hydrothermal vents.
Explanation:
<span>Quantitative data refers to data that is in numerical form and can be counted or quantified. Quantitative data can be put through statistical analysis tests. It usually requires interpretation by researchers and can be paired with qualitative data.</span>
Answer:
The size of the crystals in granite will be different from the size of the crystals in basalt depending on how they are formed and how they are cooled which determines the nature of the crystals they produce. Granite takes a much longer time to form than basalt because granite takes a very long time to cool down since it is intrusive giving minerals to be well-formed and producing a bigger size of crystals with individual mineral grains that are can be seen without the need for bigger magnification. While basalt crystals are much smaller as the crystals form very quickly because the magma comes out of the earth and cools quickly giving rise to fine-grained minerals.
Explanation:
Granite and basalt are both igneous rocks.
Granite takes a longer time to cool as it hardens under the earth's surface causing the delay in cooling while basalt takes a shorter time to cool as it hardens above the earth's surface.
Answer:
1. Designing of the target vector.
2. Insertion of the target vector into the embryonic stem cell
3. Selection of the cells
4. Injecting selected cells into the new cells
5. Breeding of mouse with a normal mouse
Explanation:
The target vectors are made by inserting markers into them. The target vector is inserted into ES cells. The vector generally recombined with the target gene and knock-out that gene. Sometimes, recombination of vectors occurs at incorrect place.
The cells survive in the presence of markers only if the target gene is incorporated with target vector. The cells with the target vector are injected into a normal developing embryo of mouse.
The developed mouse will consist of heterozygous knockout cells and its own cells. The normal mouse is bred with this chimeric mouse. The offspring of these mouse are able to transfer knock-out gene to next generation.
