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givi [52]
3 years ago
12

The three processes that transfer energy over Earth's surface

Biology
2 answers:
daser333 [38]3 years ago
6 0
I processes that transfer energy over Earth's surface are:
1) Conduction
2) Convection
3) Radiation
4) Latent Heat

Conduction is the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object through molecular interaction. As the Sun heats the ground, energy from the heated ground is transferred to the atmosphere by conduction.

Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement of a fluid. Convection appears mostly in liquid and gases because they are free to move around. Heat is transferred upward and outward, away from the heat source, while cooler air is brought to replace the rising air.

Radiation is the final process of heat transfer. The energy received from the Sun, radiation, are absorbed by all objects that in turn radiates some of the energy back to its surroundings in a weaker form of energy called long wave radiation such as heat.

Later heat, also known as phase change, is the heat required to change phases. Example of phase change is water transforms from gas to liquid or solid or vice versa. For water to transform from liquid to gas, latent heat from the surrounding atmosphere is needed. In evaporation, water takes heat from the surrounding air in order to evaporated and become gas.


EastWind [94]3 years ago
5 0
♥ Conduction
♥ Radiation
♥ Convection
♥ Latent Heat
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B) Coating of microbe to aid phagocyte recognition

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Explain the interaction that occurs between a t-helper lymphocyte and a b cell when the b cell is being induced to produce peanu
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Answer:

           According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.  


Entry of peanut allergen into body

When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.  

Allergic response

There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.  


Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)

Step 1.  

           When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.  

Step 2

             HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.

Step 3

            Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.  

Step 4

             B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.  


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