Answer:
3/8
Explanation:
Martha has a widow's peak (dominant trait) and attached earlobes (recessive trait).
Martha's dad had a straight hairline (ww) and unattached earlobes (Ee, because she has the recessive alleles ee and both parents give us one allele).
This tells you that martha has a mother with at least one of both alleles dominant for widow peak and at least one recesive allele of attached earlobes
So, martha's alleles are: Ww and ee.
If she marries a man that is heterozygous for both traits (Ww and Ee) the probabilitys are
Ww Ee x Ww ee: WWEe, WwEe, wWee, and wwee
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
hope this helps
rate brainiest
The hormone described above is the hormone Melatonin.
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain, which helps regulate other hormones and maintains the body's circadian rhythm. This rhythm is an internal 24 hour clock that plays a critical role when we fall asleep and when awake. When it is dark the body releases more melatonin.
<span>Everyone has cells because these are the building
blocks of life. These tiny particles that clump into groups that form tissues,
organs, and organ systems are
what makes organisms distinct from non-living things that exist on Earth. Where
there are cells, life is present, and in its absence life cannot exist as we
know of today. Cells are responsible for bringing different species of
organisms that are found in different ecosystems all over Earth. They are tiny
but in groups they are responsible for every living organisms that have existed
through time. </span>
