Answer:
b. A second marker in the knock-out cassette, that if inserted into the genome results in cell death when plated on selective media.
Explanation:
General recombination, also known as homologous recombination, refers to the naturally occurring process of exchange of genetic material between pairs of homologous DNA sequences. This process (homologous recombination) can be exploited by genetic engineering to insert DNA segments of interest at target genes. Moreover, a cassette is a mobile DNA segment containing almost a gene and a recombination site, which is integrated into the <em>locus</em>/<em>loci</em> of interest by homologous recombination. A cassette may contain a DNA segment called 'negative marker' which prevents growth under particular conditions, while a positive marker permits growth under certain conditions. In consequence, a second marker consisting of a drug cassette may be used as a negative marker in order to evidence its insertion by inducing cell death when they are plated in selective conditions.
Muscle cells access what they need to continue producing energy through chemical energy from ATP to transform it into mechanical energy.
Muscle cells are elongated cells whose length can reach several centimeters.
The muscle uses ATP (energy) to carry out conformational changes in its molecular structure => variation in the length of the sarcomere.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the basic source of energy for muscle contraction.
Each link stores 7300 calories of energy per mole of ATP under normal conditions and when a phosphate radical is separated from the molecule, these calories are available providing the energy necessary for muscle contraction.
The muscle cell has three mechanisms to resynthesize ATP:
- ATP synthesis through phosphocreatine.
- Anaerobic glycolysis process with the transformation of muscle glycogen into lactate.
- From oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP synthesis through phosphocreatine consists of the transfer of energy from phosphocreatine to ADP so that it can reincorporate a phosphate group to its molecule and transform it into ATP.
So the energy that has been released in the hydrolysis of PCr is directly used to resynthesize ATP from ADP.
Therefore, we can conclude that muscle cells access what they need to continue producing energy through the chemical energy of ATP to transform it into mechanical energy.
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Binge eating disorder
This is a life threatening but treatable eating disorder described by recurrent episodes of eating large amount of food usually eaten at short period of time. There is a feeling of loss of control during binge eating but also experience shame, distress, guild afterwards. Person with this type of disorder usually prefers to eat alone even when they are not hungry. This is also one of the most common type of eating disorder.
Leachate: water that is percolated through a solid and leached out of some of the constituents
Answer:
Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from the splitting or hydrolysis of water in the green plants. Cornelius van Niel experimentally proved for the first time that the oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from water and not from carbon dioxide.
