The common arguments that are in favor of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are:
Public image of the company.
Moral Justification.
Public Support for business.
Long run survival of the organization and the public both.
Common arguments that go against CSR are:
Ambiguity in business policies.
Moral Responsibility.
Shareholders' rights
Explanation:
Against
The public should perceive the company as their savior and not their enemy. CSR helps a company stay in the good books of the public. If a cigarette manufacturing company opens a profit free farm or a recreational park for the public, it will ensure the maintenance of a positive image.
Morally, when a company takes something from the public e.g their clean air, or clean environment, then morally the company is bound to give something in return e.g a water filtration plant.
CSR can lead the public to support the company during times of need. A company during tough times might get several volunteers if it is known to have given much to the public.
Co-dependence is essential for the survival of both the organization and the public. Companies excel if the public likes them. If a company has been known to have only take and never give, then the balance is disturbed.
Against:
Not every company has the resources or interest to focus on one problem. Therefore, ambiguous policies of different organizations lead to partial working on one social issue or environmental issue. it leads the problem to be partially solved and not completely eliminated.
Company might morally owe the public in some domain but might not have the resources to fix that particular problem. It may leave the company in a moral debt. In order to compensate, a company may go beyond its capabilities which will not result in mutual benefit. Only one party will be happy.
CSR activities require resources. A company has several stakeholders and all might nit agree to spending/donating their profits for CSR activities. This may sound 'selfish' but public doesn't always know what the stakeholders are going through. CSR in such a case may deprive a stakeholder from a fraction of his share of profit.
Answer:
Localized economics
Explanation:
Localized economics :
Localisation implies the grouping of a specific industry in a specific region, region or area. Localisation is identified with the regional division of work, that is, specialization by regions or areas.
A specific town or district will in general have practical experience in the creation of a specific item.
These are benefits for a firm got from the nearness of firms having a place with a similar industry in a region. Urbanization economies are those advantages acquired by a firm emerging from the size of a region and the decent variety of its economy.
Answer:
b. professional bureaucracy
Explanation:
Bureaucracy refers to a kind of organizational structure which is governed by a clearly defined authority and rigid rules and regulations alongside long chain of hierarchy and reporting, which makes decision making a time consuming affair.
As per Mintzberg, professional bureaucracy is characterized by standardization of skills coupled with vertical and horizontal decentralization of responsibilities.
Such form of organizational structure allows for greater degree of autonomy and control to the professionals w.r.t their work. Such a bureaucracy recognizes the authority of professional expertise instead of the authority of hierarchy.
Such form of organizational structure is usually followed by schools, hospitals and universities wherein, the professional expertise of doctors and teachers define the authority instead of a pre existing chain of hierarchy that dictates what one is permitted to do.
Answer:
a. following-up with his customer.
Explanation:
Based on the scenario being described within the question it can be said that Lewis is following-up with his customer. This is when a salesperson contacts a customer some time after their purchase in order to make sure that they are happy with their purchase. This allows the salesperson to address any problems or concerns that the customer may have with their product. All with the goal of trying to capture the loyalty of the customer, since a customer that is happy with an initial purchase is more likely to return.
