The impact of water in the limestone caves creates the formation of limestone or cave topography that is based on the development of pillars, columns, and the stalactites and stalagmites.
Acid rain is harmful to both the plants and animals, also depletes the soil microbes.
Oxygen in the air can react with minerals to form compounds of oxides.
Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas that is associated with the process of weathering and hence breaks molecules into smaller molecules.
Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. This is the path that viruses use to spread throughout a plant's system.
Ice-covered surfaces are highly reflective of the sun's rays therefore prevent those areas from warming as much as the areas where the ice is replaced with darker, less reflective surfaces which absorb heat and thus contribute more to global warming. Albedo is the percentage of radiation reflected by the earth's surface. Clear surfaces have greater albedo values than dark surfaces.
