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3 years ago

What are the key elements in undue influence

Business

1 answer:

astra-53 [7]3 years ago

5 0

Explanation:

The key elements of undue influence are as follows:

The parties to the contract should have relationship based on trust, confidence or authority. One person takes advantage of another person with authority.

To enter into the agreement the stronger party influences the other party by using force, domination or unfair persuasion.

When there is undue influence then there is no genuine assent of the party to the agreement.

The party to the agreement does not have adequate knowledge about the consequences of the agreement.

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The (annual) expected return and standard deviation of returns for 2 assets are as follows: Asset A Asset B E[r] 10% 20% SD[r] 3

polet [3.4K]

Answer:

Part A

(i) Weight(A) = 0.80 , Weight(B) = 0.20

ER(portfolio) = { ER(A) * Weight(A) } + { ER(B) * Weight(B) }

= { 10 * 0.80 } + { 20 * 0.20 }

= 12%

SD(portfolio) = { SD(A)^2 * W(A)^2 + SD(B)^2 * W(B)^2 + 2*SD(A) * SD(B) * W(A) * W(B) * CORR }^1/2

= { 900*0.64 + 2500*0.04 + 2*30*50*0.8*0.2*0.15}^1/2

= {748}^1/2

= 27.35%

(ii) Weight(A) = 0.50 , Weight(B) = 0.50

ER(portfolio) = { ER(A) * Weight(A) } + { ER(B) * Weight(B) }

= { 10 * 0.50 } + { 20 * 0.50 }

= 15%

SD(portfolio) = { SD(A)^2 * W(A)^2 + SD(B)^2 * W(B)^2 + 2*SD(A) * SD(B) * W(A) * W(B) * CORR }^1/2

= { 900*0.25 + 2500*0.25 + 2*30*50*0.5*0.5*0.15}^1/2

= {917.5}^1/2

= 30.29 %

(iii) Weight(A) = 0.20 , Weight(B) = 0.80

ER(portfolio) = { ER(A) * Weight(A) } + { ER(B) * Weight(B) }

= { 10 * 0.20 } + { 20 * 0.80 }

= 18 %

SD(portfolio) = { SD(A)^2 * W(A)^2 + SD(B)^2 * W(B)^2 + 2*SD(A) * SD(B) * W(A) * W(B) * CORR }^1/2

= { 900*0.04 + 2500*0.64 + 2*30*50*0.2*0.8*0.15}^1/2

= {1708}^1/2

= 41.33 %

Part B

Let Weight(A) be x, and Weight(B) be (1-x)

Solving the ER(portfolio) Equation :

ER(portfolio) = { ER(A) * Weight(A) } + { ER(B) * Weight(B) }

25 = {10 * x } + {20 * (1 - x) }

25 = 10x + 20 - 20x

25 - 20 = -10x

x = - 0.5

Weight (A) = - 0.5 {its Negative which means Short Selling of Stock A}

Weight (B) = 1 - (-0.5) = 1.5

Cross-Proof

ER (portfolio) = { ER(A) * Weight(A) } + { ER(B) * Weight(B) }

= { 10 * -0.5 } + { 20 * 1.5 }

= { - 5 } + { 30 }

= 25% . Therefore, our Weights are Correct

Calculation of SD (portfolio)

SD(portfolio) = { SD(A)^2 * W(A)^2 + SD(B)^2 * W(B)^2 + 2*SD(A) * SD(B) * W(A) * W(B) * CORR }^1/2

= { 900*0.25 + 2500*2.25 + 2*30*50*-0.5*1.5*0.15}^1/2

= { 225 + 5625 - 337.5 }^1/2

= {5512.5}1/2

= 74.2 %

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