Answering everything might take some time, so I'll just answer the quick ones.
1. The Periodic table is arranged in ascending order based on the atomic numbers of elements, which is equal to the protons in their cores.
2. The horizontal rows of the Periodic table are called periods. The elements in a given row have the same number of layers in their electron shells.
3. The vertical columns of the Periodic table are called groups. The elements of a given column have similar properties.
4. The column of an element tells us more about its properties, because elements in the same column share most of their properties with the other elements from the same group, which can help us deduce different things about them.
5. Chlorine (Cl) is most similar to Fluorine (F), because they are in the same column, which means that they are similar. Both of them have similar properties, they have almost the same colour, while Oxygen (O) and Argon (Ar) are colorless; both of them are gases, while Sulphur (S) is not a gas. I think that's enough, isn't it?
6. I am not really sure what you are asking, but the mass of elements increases the farther you go towards the bottom right corner of the table.
... Or you probably mean something else and I'm just overthinking, then the answer is from top to bottom.
7. Atoms of the elements in the family (group) of noble gases are not reactive (they do not readily form bonds with other atoms). This is because the layers in their electron shells are completed, which makes them really stable.
..and yeah, that's it. If I have more time I'll add the other ones later.
