Answer:
(B). The drug is reabsorbed.
Explanation:
Renal clearance rate determines the excretion of drugs into the urine during excretion. It is used to study the main process associated with a drug's renal excretion.
When the renal clearance rate is lower than GFR (glomerulus filtration rate), the drug is absorbed in the renal tubules. When the renal clearance rate is higher than GFR, the drug is secreted into the urine. When the renal clearance rate is equal to the GFR, the drug is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
As for given drug, renal clearance is 20 ml/min (less than GFR), this drug will reabsorbed.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
<span>Heat strokeHeat stroke is a condition caused by failure of the body's temperature-regulating mechanism when exposed to high temperatures. Heat stroke is treated by keeping the body temperature less than 102.5°F. Various cooling methods includes removing clothing, placing the patient in front of a large fan, and immersing the patient into a tub of cool water.
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Answer: double helix
Explanation: The double helix of DNA is, like its name implies, in the shape of a helix which is essentially a three dimensional spiral. The double comes from the fact that the helix is made of two long strands of DNA that are intertwined—sort of like a twisted ladder.
<span>The three groups of amphibians: Frogs, Salamanders, Caecilians are different when they reach adulthood. Frogs have four legs with strong hind legs and no tails. Salamanders have tails and four short, weak legs that cause them to walk instead of jump. Lastly, Cacilians have no legs and are burrowing animals.
Amphibians must live in moist environments because they loose water through their thin skin. They need to be near water to replenish the lost water. Also their skin helps them breathe and they can get oxygen from the water.</span>
1. The correct answer is: The viral envelope proteins interact with CD4 and a co-receptor on the cell membrane.
Binding and entering the host cell are the first steps of the HIV virus infection. So, these steps play a major role in determining the ability of HIV to degrade the human immune system. Binding of HIV to CD4+ T lymphocytes (express chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 called co-receptors) triggers the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, initiating infection (viral core gets into the cytoplasm).
Attachment of the virion can be:
• Nonspecific-envelop protein of the virus (Env) binds to cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans
• Specific-Env binds to integrin.
2. The correct answer is: Activation of the host cell by cytokines, growth factors, or antigens.
After the viral capsid enters the cell, single-stranded RNA genome is released from the attached viral proteins and copied it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule thanks to an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Next step is the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome. This process is done by another viral enzyme called integrase. The integrated DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins that will help the package of new viruse particles.
3. The answer is: false
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template. Since the genome of the virus (HIV) is single stranded RNA, reverse transcriptase copies it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule. Thanks to this enzyme, formed cDNA can be integrated into host’s genome. Because of this proprety, antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection work as reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.
