The answer would be the 4th option. (Rainwater soaking into the ground). Soil erosion is commonly caused by rainwater soaking into the ground.
<span>(2) encomienda.
Spaniards confiscated land from indigenous people, and rewarded it to spanish citizens, who established plantations, where locals would work using Spanish agricultural techniques, learn Spanish and be converted to Christianity.</span>
It moved the land to make man kind to survive hope this helps
I will repost your question