Question

"X-rays can do damage directly to DNA by ionizing bonds that are a part of the structure of DNA itself. However, part of the total damage done by X-rays is indirect damage caused by the production of what product by the X-rays?"

Answer 1

Answer:

X-rays can do damage directly to DNA by ionizing bonds that are a part of the structure of DNA itself. However, part of the total damage done by X-rays is indirect damage caused by the production of water radiolysis product by the X-rays.

Explanation:

Answer 2

Answer:

Free radicals.

Explanation:

X-ray as an example of ionizing radiation.Like any ionizing radiation it produces free radicals  and reactive oxygen species when it interacts with biomolecules  e.g (DNA) in cells and tissues. Free radicals are atoms with unpaired  lone of electrons in  outermost shells. They are therefore  very reactive and always looking for  an unpaired lone of  electron to complete the outer shell. Thus radicals can be positive, negative or neutral in charges.

When an individual is exposed to  X-ray radiation,  hydroxyl free radicals,superoxide free radicals are produced .These radicals are damaging to DNA and cells.

E.g; the hydroxyl  radicals attacks the hydrogen atoms of the  deoxyribose sugar, disrupted the  ring structure and therefore the DNA structure leading to mutation.

Other radicals reaction involved addition reaction of the free radicals to the  Carbon atom in the sugar molecules ,and also addition reaction  on  the organic bases in DNA molecules, damaging the molecules.