How long how human agriculture (for animals) been a problem?

1 answer:

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Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known as factory farming, is a production approach towards farm animals in order to maximize production output, while minimizing production costs.[1] Intensive farming refers to animal husbandry, the keeping of livestock such as cattle, poultry, and fish at higher stocking densities than is usually the case with other forms of animal agriculture—a practice typical in industrial farming by agribusinesses.[2][3][4][5][6] The main products of this industry are meat, milk and eggs for human consumption.[7] There are issues regarding whether factory farming is sustainable or ethical.[8]

Confinement at high stocking density is one part of a systematic effort to produce the highest output at the lowest cost by relying on economies of scale, modern machinery, biotechnology, and global trade. There are differences in the way factory farming techniques are practiced around the world. There is a continuing debate over the benefits, risks and ethical questions of factory farming. The issues include the efficiency of food production; animal welfare; and the environmental impact (e.g. agricultural pollution) and health risks.[9][10][11]

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a reaction that hydrolyzes a phosphodiester bond would cleave a dna molecule between a phosphate group and:

Gnoma [55]

Reactions that hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds split the DNA molecule between the phosphate groups and the hydroxyl groups of the two sugar groups.

In DNA there is a covalent bond through a phosphate group that connects the hydroxyl group (OH) at the 5' position of the pentose sugar and the hydroxyl group at the 3' position of the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide. This covalent bond is called a phosphodiester bond because chemically the phosphate group is in the diester form.

In other words, the phosphodiester bond connects the sugar in one nucleotide to the sugar in the next nucleotide, so this bond simultaneously connects the two consecutive nucleotides to form a polynucleotide chain. If there is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of covalent bonds that combine nucleotides, what happens is that the phosphodiester link between deoxyribose sugars will break.

Learn more about the phosphodiester bonds at brainly.com/question/23660733

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1 year ago

While mRNA strands are being created, a sequence is sometimes miscopied. What is the worst that could happen to a cell should th

kupik [55]

Answer:

The most appropriate answer would be The cell will not make functional proteins from that mRNA strand.

The amino acid sequence of the proteins is derived from the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA (messenger ribonucleotide).

If the sequence of mRNA is miscopied, it will change the sequence of amino acids of the protein.

Consequently, the protein may become non-functional.

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