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lara [203]
3 years ago
12

Please help and explain.

Biology
1 answer:
horsena [70]3 years ago
4 0
I got you :)


The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis (MCH)) is a technique in molecular evolution that uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in geologic history when two species or other taxa diverged. It is used to estimate the time of occurrence of events called speciation or radiation. The molecular data used for such calculations is usually nucleotide sequences for DNA or amino acid sequences for proteins. It is sometimes called a gene clock or evolutionary clock.
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Besides having different chemical structures, what is the difference between glucose and ATP?
AVprozaik [17]

Glucose and ATP are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Other than these three elements, ATP contains Phosphorus and Nitrogen. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into water and carbon dioxide producing 38 net ATP molecules. ATP is the energy containing nucleotide in cells while the energy found in glucose is used to make ATP. The key difference between glucose and ATP is the composition of these two molecules.







What is Glucose?

Glucose is a simple sugar which is widely used in living organisms. The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. It is a monosaccharide which functions as a precursor for many carbohydrates found in the organisms. In plants, glucose is produced by photosynthesis and used as a substrate for energy production. In animals, glucose is a prime energy source. In prokaryotes, glucose subjects to either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation and converts into energy molecules. Therefore, glucose can be considered as one of a primary energy source of living organisms.

Glucose is broken down completely to water and carbon dioxide by aerobic respiration. It starts with electrolysis and going via Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. In the end, it converts the energy in the nutrient glucose into 38 ATP and other two waste products. Anaerobic respiration produces less number of ATP from a glucose molecule since glucose is undergoing incomplete combustion. Some microorganisms ferment lactose to lactic acid or alcohol produce energy under anorexic conditions. All these processes use glucose as the starting substrate for ATP production.






 

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency in living cells. It is a nucleotide composed of three major components; namely, ribose sugar, triphosphate group, and adenine base. ATP molecules bear high energy within the molecules. Upon an energy request for growth and metabolism, the ATP hydrolyses and releases its energy for cellular needs. Three phosphate groups are responsible for the function of the ATP molecule because the energy is stored in ATP molecule inside the phospho-anhydride bonds between phosphate groups. The most commonly hydrolyzing phosphate group of the ATP molecule is the farthest phosphate group (Gamma-phosphate) from the ribose sugar.

ATP molecule bears high energy within it. Therefore, it is an unstable molecule. Hydrolysis of ATP is always feasible via an ergonomic reaction. The terminal phosphate group removes from the ATP molecule and converts into Adenine phosphate (ADP) when the water is present. This conversion releases 30.6 kJ/mol energy to the cells. ADP converts back into ATP immediately inside the mitochondria by ATP synthase during the cellular respiration.

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Gennadij [26K]

Do you have a full detailed question? Or perhaps a photo of the question?

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A Lunar Eclipse Must Occur During a ———- Phase Of The Moon.
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Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect blood pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in
Amiraneli [1.4K]

Answer:

C. the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.

Explanation:

The central chemoreceptors are located near the medulla inside the blood-brain barrier. When CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid increases, pH of the fluid lower (because CO2 becomes hydrated to carbonic acid). Change in pH stimulates the central chemoreceptors to activate respiratory centers which will increase the respiratory rate and depth of breathing.

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