Answer:
I think its chemical energy is not required because passive transport doesn't need energy at all
*High ventilation/low perfusion that Increased the cardiac output Decreased of the pulmonary vascular and the resistance and *Pulmonary hypertension,*Reduced the left ventricular preload
Pulmonary hypertension is happens when the pressure in the blood vessels and leading from the heart and the lungs is too high. With the pulmonary hypertension, the blood vessels in the lungs to develop the increased amount of muscle in wall of the blood vessels
It's a serious condition which can be damage the right side of the heart. and The walls of the pulmonary and the arteries to become the thick and the stiff, and that cannot be expand as well they allow blood through.
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Cellular products such as hormones and neurotransmitters are released by the process of exocytosis. <span> Exocytosis is the term that describes the transport of material out of a cell.</span>During this process <span>vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the outside of the cell.
</span><span>This process is the counterpart of endocytosis.</span>
Answer:
TNF-alpha is expressed as a homotrimer that exerts its activities through binding to two types of receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by having an extracellular domain with 4 cysteine-rich domains (CRD 1-4) , each with 3 cysteinecysteine disulfide bonds.
Explanation:
TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor), which has the characteristic of being a paracrine signaling ligand, is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a mediator of immune regulation, the inflammatory response and apoptosis in some cell types. Receptors in this family are involved, with some exceptions, in juxtacrine signaling; that is, both the ligand and the receptor are membrane proteins with extracellular domains through which signaling is established. The cellular responses promoted by TNF are initiated by its interaction with two different types of cell receptors, the type I receptor (55 kDa) and the type II receptor (75 kDa). Both types of receptors are part of the TNF receptor family, members of which include Fas antigen (apoptosis inducer, also called Apo-1 or CD95), CD27 (T-cell activation antigen), CD30 (lymphoma marker Hodgkin) and CD40 (B-cell antigen), which share the characteristic of cysteine-rich sequences in their extracellular domains. This family of cytokines generate cellular responses that include differentiation, proliferation, activation of NFκB and cell death, promoting the aggregation of receptor monomers, that is, they have a transmembrane domain that participates in the solubilization of the receptor and a domain of intracellular death that is involved in signal transduction. The binding of TNF to TNF-R1 induces a signaling cascade through its intracellular death domain, which subsequently leads to the activation of complex I (or inflammatory) of NFkB and proceeds to the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes, pro- inflammatory diseases and apoptosis complex II (caspases).
