Orthodox Christianity believes most of what catholics believe but reject the papacy.
The papacy is why you see the catholic sect of Christianity have a pope. Orthodox believe that it is just the bishops, no pope included.
A. Forgiveness of sins without penance.
The last communist leader of the Soviet Union before it collapsed was Mikhail Gorbachev
Answer:
The Constitution established three strong branches of government.
Explanation:
The Articles of Confederation was pretty bad, even though it did officially unite the thirteen colonies. It gave no power to the government and it was very weak, so it had many flaws. With the Constitution, this granted three new strong branches of government, a definite change from the Articles of Confederation. This made the Legislative Branch which made laws for the people. Along with this, it also gave Congress the House of Representatives and the Senate. The United States Constitution finally gave the Executive Branch which is to make sure the laws are passed.
As Europeans expanded their market reach into the colonial sphere, they devised a new economic policy to ensure the colonies’ profitability. The philosophy of mercantilism shaped European perceptions of wealth from the 1500s to the late 1700s. Mercantilism held that only a limited amount of wealth, as measured in gold and silver bullion, existed in the world. In order to gain power, nations had to amass wealth by mining these precious raw materials from their colonial possessions. Mercantilists did not believe in free trade, arguing instead that the nation should control trade to create wealth and to enhance state power. In this view, colonies existed to strengthen the colonizing nation.
Colonial mercantilism, a set of protectionist policies designed to benefit the colonizing nation, relied on several factors:
Colonies rich in raw materials
Cheap labor
Colonial loyalty to the home government
Control of the shipping trade
Under this system, the colonies sent their raw materials—harvested by enslaved people or native workers—to Europe. European industry then produced and sent finished materials—like textiles, tools, manufactured goods, and clothing—back to the colonies. Colonists were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Commodification quickly affected production in the New World. American silver, tobacco, and other items—which were used by native peoples for ritual purposes—became European commodities with monetary value. Before the arrival of the Spanish, for example, the Inca people of the Andes consumed chicha, a corn beer, for ritual purposes only. When the Spanish discovered chicha, they bought and traded for it, detracting from its spiritual significance for market gain. This process disrupted native economies and spurred early commercial capitalism.
