<span>C a military formation</span>
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago by accretion<span> from the </span>solar nebula.<span> Volcanic </span>outgassing<span> probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean; but the atmosphere contained almost no </span>oxygen<span> and so would have been toxic to most modern life including humans. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism. A "giant impact" collision with a planet-sized body is thought to have been responsible for forming the Moon. Over time, the Earth cooled, causing the formation of a solid </span>crust<span>, and allowing liquid water to exist on the surface.
Hope this helps. :)</span>
<span>D. people have the right to refuse to pay taxes
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<span>The most important effect of the Crusades was economic. The Italian cities prospered from the transport of Crusaders and replaced Byzantines and Muslims as merchant-traders in the Mediterranean. Trade passed through Italian hands to Western Europe at a handsome profit. This commercial power became the economic base of the Italian Renaissance. </span>
