I believe the answer is A.
Answer:
For many centuries, natural law was recognized as a type of higher law that spelled out universal truths for the moral ordering of society based on a rational understanding of human nature. As a higher moral law, it gave citizens a standard for determining if the written laws and customs of their nation or any other nation were just or unjust, right or wrong, humane or inhumane. Today, natural law is not discussed very much, at least not explicitly. When mentioned at all, it is usually rejected as dangerous because it undermines existing laws or as intolerant because it is contrary to “multiculturalism,” which requires the non-judgmental acceptance of other cultures.
This negative view of natural law can be traced to Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), whose writings are largely devoted to showing the anarchy and civil wars caused by appeals to natural and divine laws above the will of the sovereign. Hobbes rejected traditional higher law doctrines and encouraged people to accept the established laws and customs of their nations, even if they seemed oppressive, for the sake of civil peace and security. His critique has been a leading cause of the demise of natural law and the acceptance of positive law as the only reliable guide for political authority.
One may be equally surprised to learn, however, that many people today embrace a different (and seemingly contradictory) view of natural law, and this too is traceable to Thomas Hobbes. For example, when conscientious people are confronted with violations of human rights—as in religious theocracies that violate women’s rights or in countries that allow sweatshops to trample on worker’s rights—they feel compelled to protest the injustice of those practices and to change them for the better. The protesters usually deny that they are following natural law, but they obviously are asserting a belief in universal moral truths that are grounded in human nature—in this case, the natural equality of human beings that underlies human rights. This understanding of higher law originates with Hobbes because he was largely responsible for transforming classical natural law into modern natural rights, thereby beginning the “human rights revolution” in thinking on natural law. How is it possible for Hobbes and his followers to embrace seemingly contradictory views of natural law, rejecting one form as intolerant, self-righteous, and anarchical, while embracing another form as the universal ideal of social justice? Let us turn to Hobbes for an answer to this puzzle, and, in so doing, uncover the sources of our modern conceptions of law, rights, and justice.
Answer:
A)shaping
Explanation:
Answer:
A)shaping
Explanation:
From the question we are informed about A researcher who is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. In this case, the researcher use shaping to teach the rats the maze. Shaping can be regarded as calculated reinforcement of a particular behavior. To do this operant conditioning principles is been utilized in training the subject, which involves giving rewards for a proper behavior so as to discourage improper behavior.
The view of CCIRs has expanded due to the dynamic environment, is the impact has the complex environment characterized by disaster relief efforts.
<h3>What is CCIRs?</h3>
Commander's critical information requirements assist the commander in taking prompt actions that result in favorable outcomes. The CCIR, which establishes the objectives for reconnaissance, directs the commander's reconnaissance direction.
Doctrine divides CCIRs into two categories: priority intelligence needs, which are focused on the enemy and environment, and friendly force information requirements, which are focused on friendly troops and supporting assets.
Thus, The view of CCIRs has expanded due to the dynamic environment.
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The South African Human Rights Commission prevents the discrimination of people on the basis of race, religion, economic status and disability.
SAHRC preserves the rights of the humans.
It also provides training and education about the human rights.
It addresses the cases of human rights violations.
