The last one should be the correct one
Taxation without representation, the colonists were taxed by the British without the Colonists own government being consulted. Another reason was the that the British did not allow the Colonists to move into the newly aquired area of the northwest region(Ohio, Kentucky etc.), because the British promised the area to the Native Americans. And may I note the Colonists actually considered themselves to be British.
"Feudal Japan had a more formalized and ritualized kind of culture than feudal Europe did."
All three of these Jewish groups began in the Middle East, according to the map provided. You can see that they originate from areas near Egypt and Arabia. But over time, the Jews spread to different parts of the world such as the Roman Jews going to Italy whilst the Exile going to Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Unfortunately, I can't answer that last question as I don't know much information about the Torah or what role it played during that time period. I hope this helps you someway regardless! Good luck! :)
