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Answer:
0.5.
Explanation:
Assets - Liabilities = Owner's Equity.
As the name states, the debt to equity ratio is simply obtained by dividing total debt (liabilities) by the total equity, total assets should not be included:

Rajan Company's debt to equity ratio is 0.5.
Answer: B. is more price elastic in the long run than in the short run because in the long run a substitute for crude oil may be found
Explanation:
The Demand for Crude oil is more elastic in the long run than in the short run because in the long run a substitute for crude oil may be found.
Crude oil is more elastic in the long run because consumers have enough time to find substitute products for crude oil. Price elasticity of demand in the short run is low because consumers donot have sufficient time to look for substitutes , they donot have much of a choice but to take whatever price is charged by producers of crude oil
A euro equals $1.08 in American dollars.
Answer:
an externality
Explanation:
Externality -
It is the cost or the benefit received by the third party , is known as externality .
The third party does not have any control over the creation of the cost or the benefit .
The externality can be negative as well as positive and can arise from the production or consumption of the services and goods .
hence , the correct term fro the given statement is an externality .