Answer:
b. reducing molecules
Explanation:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (abbreviated NAD +, and also called diphosphopyridine nucleotide and Coenzyme I), is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, as it consists of two nucleotides linked through their phosphate groups with a nucleotide that contains an adenosine ring and the other that contains nicotinamide.
In metabolism, NAD + participates in redox reactions (oxidoreduction), carrying electrons from one reaction to another.
Coenzyme, therefore, is found in two forms in cells: NAD + and NADH. NAD +, which is an oxidizing agent, accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced, forming NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD +. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, especially as a substrate for enzymes that add or remove chemical groups of proteins, in post-translational modifications. Due to the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in the metabolism of NAD + are targets for drug discovery.
It weakens the immune system making it unable to defend itself against viruses and it also attacks the immune system..
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So here is the most obvious thing here… tolerance is a physical effect of repeated use of a drug, a great example would be a alcohol. Always the Tolerance does not always equal a type of addiction. Withdrawal: Symptoms a person experiences when not using a substance, due to the body reacting to no longer having the substance. Now back to the alcohol… alcohol is a very commonly used on types of drugs, for an example like regular rubbing a alcohol, drinking and more. This type can really make somebody addicted to the type of substance that is in it. Hope this helps!
